送交者: 耗子 于 March 28, 2003 13:29:53:
回答: 那我们就等着准确的治疗方案及 由 琉璃猫 于 March 20, 2003 14:26:41:
1.SARS综述与呼吸疾病预防常识
2. 香港威尔士亲王医院医生关于非典型肺炎的一些信息
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小樵:SARS综述与呼吸疾病预防常识
2003/3/26,世界卫生组织(WHO) 报告SARS(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)在世界多处继续扩散。为此,多国按烈性传染病处理,颁布了大规模检疫令。以新加坡为最,强令几百人不得自由行动。WHO还派员赴广东,并发布了广东SARS的数字 (表1)。广东的病例从2002/11的195例(死亡5)翻了4番,到2003/3/26已有病例792(死亡31),一举使全世界病例总数增长3倍。广东的非典型肺炎正式确定属于SARS。因为广东发生最早,且香港和越南最早的病例都和中国有关,广东可能是发源地。迄今仍然没有中国其它地区的数据。
WHO在3/26举行了13国,80几位医生参加的电讯大查房,总结SARS现况。综述并略加评论如下。
1、病原
香港和德国发现副黏病毒(PARAMYXOVIRUS),依据的是主要是电镜形态,但美国疾病防治中心(CDC)试验室则认为是花冠病毒(CORONA VIRUS)。虽然美国有只听自己的传统,CDC的报告却是最为详尽,除了电镜,还有免疫和基因鉴定的数据。但还没有正式的科研报告,细节(何种样品,怎样鉴定等)还不清楚。因此,到底是哪种病毒,还是两种病毒都有关,尚无定论。目前,WHO组织了9个国家的11个试验室参与研究。
病毒是最小的生物,大的直径也只有90nm左右,只是一层蛋白外衣包着DNA(或RNA),无细胞结构。再加上电镜观察需要特殊处理样本,因而通过形态鉴定病毒种类不很可靠,不能轻易结论。而且,在一个特殊的病例里发现一种特殊的病毒,虽让人激动,但按科学严格地讲,却只能提示,并不能肯定因果关系。正式确定病原与疾病的因果关系要满足三个条件:1 在病人身上找到该病原;2 消灭该病原后病情好转;3 引入该病原可使健康者染病。很显然,找到病毒只是第一步。
一月前我不幸言中,广东早时称流行的是衣原体引起的“非典型肺炎”其实是根据X光表现的推测,现已肯定非典型肺炎是误诊。根据目前情况,广东已经犯了浅尝辄止的错误(也许有其它比如安定团结的考虑?),WHO和CDC都不敢断言是否上述两种病毒就是病原。
2、传播形式和预防
虽然呼吸道疾病由空气飞沫传播,但令人心宽的是,迄今传染都是通过局部密切接触。但是,因为病原未定,WHO和CDC都建议做呼吸和接触预防。接触预防针对消化系统疾病,主要包括洗手,清洁饮食。
空气(呼吸)传播,比起血行和消化道(接触)传染,要难控制得多。但是,只有吸入病毒颗粒对于某个人来讲足够多才会引起疾病,因此,不是接近SARS病人就会得病,而且预防呼吸传染的一般措施仍然适用。清除过滤空气虽然不容易,但只要把空气中的病毒颗粒浓度降至尽量少,仍可达到预防效果。
呼吸传染途径有三要素:距离,时间,封闭程度。因此,飞机是各国检疫的重中之重。不仅因为旅客中可能有病人,而且,和病人坐在一个不大的密闭舱里几小时,如有病人在机上,所有旅客都可能是受染带毒者,理论上讲都是可能传染源。目前,虽然证据还不足以让官方出面禁止SARS患者旅行,CDC暗示航空公司他们有拒绝任何人登机的权力,而且针对广东,香港,河内的班机在所有机场设立了检疫入口。
从预防角度讲,保持居所空气流畅,避免公共场合,隔离可疑病人等都应该是有效措施。SARS的潜伏期为2-7天,如果必须去SARS流行地区,返回后应该保持警惕。如果7-10天后无高热,基本不会再有事。但如有症状,去看医生时一定声明曾去过SARS流行地区。
3、临床表现
SARS的表现很有特徵,在各国相似(详见我上篇简报)。一般都是3-4天不适之后,骤发高热。许多人有头痛,肌肉酸痛,寒战,和咳嗽。大多数人有X光特徵表现。
初发症状过后,X光继续加重,最终形成双侧纹理粗重(这也是非典型肺炎的特徵)。至此,病人可分为两类。大多数(80-90%)的人在6-7天时好转。小部份人,恶化为SARS重型,出现呼吸窘迫而需要人工通气。这组病人死亡率高,但仍有不少人在人工通气支持下存活至今。死亡率似乎与健康状态有关(是否同时患有其它疾病)。
4、预后
40岁以上,伴有其它疾病者预后差。
5、治疗
迄今,各种抗菌素都已试过,都无效。RIBAVIRIN加激素虽用于很多病人,也不能证明有效。RIBAVIRIN是一种抗病毒药,对某些呼吸道病毒(如RSV)有效,香港台湾起初怀疑SARS由RSV引起,曾试用RIBAVIRIN并曾宣称有效。
SARS病人的治疗仍应以支持为主,包括防止脱水,治疗并发症等。
6、参考
www.CDC.gov 和 www.WHO.org都设有SARS专页。
表1。SARS 病例总计 (2003/2/1 - 2003/3/25)
国家 总数 死亡数 局部播散
加拿大 19 3 Yes
中国 广东792 31 Yes
法国 1 0 None
德国 4 0 None
香港 316 10 Yes
意大利 3 0 None
爱尔兰 2 0 None
新加坡 74 1 Yes
瑞士 2 0 To be determined
台湾 6 0 Yes
泰国 3 0 None
英国 3 0 None
美国 40 0 To be determined
越南 58 4 Yes
总数 1323 49
因为诊断SARS靠排除其它疾病,病例数随时可能变化。一些以前的病例可能不是SARS。
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香港威尔士亲王医院医生关于非典型肺炎的一些信息
主要几点
1. 不是空气传染的。需接触病人呼吸道的分泌物 (哎, 你别冲俺咳嗽)
2. 没死那么多人 (估计把肺气肿,肺心病的都算上了)
3. 带口罩, 讲卫生,打完愤青要洗手。
4。ribavirin 一种抗病毒药 and 激素有效,,尤其是早期治疗。
5。剧烈头痛,肌肉痛和三十八度以上体温,寒战要注意,
6。流鼻婷和其他呼吸道症状非特异
Message from 2 doctors from Prince of Wales Hospital,
Chinese University of HK
Anthony TC Chan
Chairman and Chief of Service
Department of Clinical Oncology
Prince of Wales Hospital
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Tony Mok
Prince of Wales Hospital
Chinese University of Hong Kong
I AM at Prince of Wales every day, closely involved with all actions and
still in good shape. Let me
clarify the subject matter:
1. There is no evidence that the infection is airborne. Only direct
exposure to respiratory droplet
has been related to infection.
2. The figure released from HA is definitely correct. Even stupid
people should be able to distinguish
between dead person and dying person. In fact, a couple of
patients in ICU has improved and got
better. Look like the dying patient won't die afterall.
3. A mask (N95) can definitely reduce the risk of infection, even
viral infection. Imaging that we have
to look after the 100 sick people with atypical pneumonia. If the
mask is not effective, all of us will
come down with the illness. The fact is that there is minimal
number of new cases among medical
staffs at Prince of Wales since we install the policy on mask.
4. The current treatment with ribavirin and steroid is definitely
helping. Particularly if the patients
receive treatment early, a good percentage showed good response
and reduction in severity.
Only when the patients presented very late, the treatment would
be less effective.
5. Running nose is NOT a symptom of this illness.(another fact on
his/her ignorance) However,
you should definitely seek medical attention if you have severe
headache, muscle ache and fever
(>38C)
Advice:
1. Wear a mask if you are in contact with anyone with symptoms. Also
wear a mask if you are confined
to a closed atmosphere with no control whom you are with.
2. See doctor when you have any of the symptoms.
3. Stop listening to those stupid rumors.
Tony Mok
Prince of Wales Hospital
Chinese University of Hong Kong
************************************* *********************************************
A message from Medi Dept of CUHK:
Yes. There are many "rumours", "news stories". But most importantly, the
"facts" need to be disseminated properly:
1. There are likely to be infected people in the community (people who
knowingly/unknowingly contacted patients
when precautions were not taken). They should be identified as soon
as possible and admitted to facilities with
ability to treat them (ie major public hospitals). We have family
members infected because people with clear
symptoms stayed home.
2. The symptoms are fever, shiver, muscle aches, with fever NOT
responding to antibiotics. Other respiratory
symptoms are not specific.
3. N95 or surgical masks should be worn in high risk areas, like
hospitals, when contacting patients(this is what we
all do in public hospitals). Hands must be washed thoroughly after
contacts.
4. The early cases in PWH are s erious since treatment was started
late, but the later cases are mostly doing well.
And now with the virus identified by our virologists in CUHK and
more sensitive tests being developed and
verified, there are discussions on the safe time for some treated
patients to be discharged (please be assured
that we will not discharge ANYONE until we are very confident that they are OK).
5. At this time there is NO evidence that ANY prophylactic drugs have any effect.